Aluminum-doped zinc selenide thin films were prepared using the chemical bath deposition technique. The films were characterized to obtain the optical properties, structural properties, and surface morphology using the Cary 300 UV/Visible Spectrophotometer- at normal incidence of light in the wavelength range of 200nm-800nm, the Rigaku miniflex 630 diffractometer, and the JOEL-JSM 7600F machine respectively. The deposited thin films have high absorbance in the UV region with low absorbance in the visible region and low transmittance in the UV region with high transmittance in the visible region. The XRD plot depicted that the thin films possess a hexagonal wurtzite structure which decreases its crystallinity with deposition time, and from the EDX analysis, it is observed that the Zn/Se compositional ratio increases with deposition time.

The history of the longitudinal polarization experiments carried out by Wu et al, in 1957 is reviewed. It is pointed out that the conclusion that these results are an indication of parity non-conservation in weak decays rests on a key assumption, namely that the electron and neutrino are created in the decay and are not present in the nucleus beforehand. Calculations employing the exponentially damped Breit-Pauli Hamiltonian have shown that is possible to bind an electron in the neutron strongly enough to overcome the high kinetic energy required to keep it in the small volume of the nucleus, contrary to the widespread belief to the contrary promulgated by Fermi and co-workers. On the basis of the combined electroweak interaction, it is reasonable to expect that something akin to the magnetic Stern-Gerlach effect might be operative in such decay processes. In this case, in-homogenous fields can be expected to have a dominant effect on the spins of the decay particles. The field gradient should be positive, i.e. increasing in the direction of the field, at the onset of the decay for the lightest particles and therefore determine whether the momentum of the antineutrino is parallel or antiparallel to its spin. Based on this assumption, one arrives in a straightforward way at the conclusion that anti-neutrinos will always behave as right-handed screws in weak decays and neutrinos as left-handed screws. Similar effects are expected for positrons and electrons, respectively, but only with partial polarization governed by their v/c ratios in the decays. Other heavier particles such as the proton and muon simply react to the motion of the lighter particles so as to satisfy the conservation laws of energy and linear and angular momentum. The resulting dynamical interpretation of the weak decays thus avoids the conclusion that parity is not conserved in all interactions.

In this paper we found a new model for compact star with anisotropic matter distribution considering the new version of Chaplygin fluid equation of state of Errehymy and Daoud (2021). We specify the particular form of the metric potential proposed for Thirukanesh and Ragel (2012) and generalized for Malaver (2014) in order to integrate the Einstein`s field equations. The obtained model satisfies all physical properties expected in a realistic star. The radial pressure, energy density, metric coefficients, anisotropy and mass are well defined and are regular in the stellar interior. The results of this research can be useful in the development and description of new models of compact structures.

A NMR spin-spin (T2) relaxation technique has been described for determining the porosity, mobile, and the bound water distribution in baboon cortical bone and compare with our previous study on human cortical bone. The technique of low-field proton NMR involves spin-spin relaxation and free induction decay (FID) measurements, and the computational inversion methods for decay data analysis. The advantages of using NMR T2 relaxation techniques for bone water distribution are illustrated. The CPMG T2 relaxation data can be inverted to T2 relaxation distribution and this distribution then can be transformed to a pore size distribution with the longer relaxation times corresponding to larger pores. The FID T2 relaxation data can be inverted T2 relaxation distribution and this distribution then can be transformed to bound and mobile water distribution with the longest relaxation time corresponding to mobile water and the middle relaxation time corresponding to bound water. The technique is applied to quantify apparent changes in porosity, bound and mobile water in cortical bone. Overall bone porosity is determined using the calibrated NMR fluid volume from the proton relaxation data divided by overall bone volume. The NMR porosity, bound, and mobile water components were determined from cortical bone specimens obtained from baboon donors of different ages. The differences of porosity, bound, and mobile water distribution pattern between baboon and human cortical bone are observed and compared. It can be assumed that the average pore size in baboon bone is smaller than in human, and then ratio of bound water to mobile water in baboon is higher than in human. All these may result a low porosity in baboon than in human.

Dark energy stars research is an issue of great interest since recent astronomical observations with respect to measurements in distant supernovas, cosmic microwave background and weak gravitational lensing confirm that the universe is undergoing a phase of accelerated expansion and this cosmological behavior is caused by the presence of a cosmic fluid which has a strong negative pressure that allows to explain the expanding universe. In this paper, we obtained new relativistic stellar configurations within the framework of Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet (EGB) gravity considering negative anisotropic pressures and the equation of state ρr = ωρ where ρr is the radial pressure, ω is the dark energy parameter, and ρ is the dark energy density. We have chosen a modified version of metric potential proposed by Korkina-Orlyanskii (1991). For the new solutions we checked that the radial pressure, metric coefficients, energy density and anisotropy are well defined and are regular in the interior of the star and are dependent of the values of the Gauss-Bonnet coupling constant. The solutions found can be used in the development of dark energy stars models satisfying all physical acceptability conditions, but the causality condition and strong energy condition cannot be satisfied..

Manganese alloyed cadmium oxide (CdMnO2) thin films were deposited on a substrate at room temperature of 303k by solution growth techniques using hydrated cadmium chloride salt as a source of cadmium ion, hydrated manganese chloride as a source of manganese ion and ammonium hydroxide as a pH adjuster. The concentration of manganese ion precursor was varied. The effect of concentration on the properties of the films was studied. The optical absorbance, reflectance, extinction coefficient and refractive index of the films increased with increased in concentration of manganese ion precursors but decreased with increase in wavelength. They are generally high (maximum) in UV region and tends to minimum in NIR region. However, transmittance of the film increased as wavelength increased. It decreased as the concentration of manganese ion precursor tends to maximum. The bandgap of the manganese alloyed cadmium oxide thin films decreased from 2.75 eV to 2.40 eV as the concentration of the manganese ion precursors increased in the range of 0.02 M to 0.10 M. The elemental structure of the film showed that manganese, cadmium and oxygen were all deposited on the substrate. The variation of thickness with concentration of manganese ion precursor showed that the thickness increased with increase in concentration of manganese ions. XRD result showed that the thin films are polycrystalline and crystallized in cubic structure with preferred orientation in (111) plane. The SEM micrograph showed that the films are conglomerate of particles in different shape formations..

Lead iodide (PbI2) thin films were deposited using the successive ionic later adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. Pb(NO3)2 and KI were used as the precursors to produce PbI2 films of different SILAR cycles on a glass substrate. The structural, electrical and optical properties of the deposited films were examined using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, four-point probe apparatus and 756S UV-VIS spectrophotometer respectively. The structural analysis showed that the films are polycrystalline in nature having a hexagonal structure. Electrical analysis showed that the resistivity of the films ranged between and while the electrical conductivity is between and . The resistivity of the films decreased while the conductivity increased as the number of SILAR cycles increases. This shows that the film tends to be more of a conductor as to an insulator and therefore is a semiconducting thin film. Optical analysis showed that the energy band gap ranged from 2.10 to 2.60 eV and the thickness of the films increased from to nm with increase in the number of SILAR cycles. The deposition technique has good quality and can be used for the development of thin film solar cell for photovoltaic application.

The method of uniform scaling of coordinates introduced by Schiff in 1960 is reviewed. It is shown that its application to the bending of light during solar eclipses assumes that the light rays travel in perfectly straight lines. It nonetheless obtains quantitatively the same angle of light deflection as General Relativity (GR). Schiff’s failure to obtain similarly accurate results for the advancement of the perihelion of Mercury’s orbit is traced to his ignoring the central role of the acceleration due to gravity g in these computations. When the appropriately scaled g factor is included in the theoretical treatment, the adjusted method obtains quantitative agreement with both GR and experiment for the angle of advancement. The scaling produces a value of g=0 for light by virtue of its moving at speed c in free space, thereby leading to the straight-line trajectory of the waves. However, g has a non-zero value for massive objects and its effect on the velocity of the planet needs to be taken into account explicitly to obtain accurate results. More generally, it is shown that there are two key scaling factors, Q for kinetic acceleration and S for the effects of gravity. These quantities can be evaluated on the basis of a minimum of information regarding the locations in a gravitational field and the states of motion of any object-observer pair anywhere in the universe. The scaling of each physical property is characterized by a specific product QnSp, where n and p are integers. One of the main advantages of the uniform scaling approach is that it is relatively simple to apply. The calculations for light bending and the advancement angle of the perihelion of planetary orbits are carried out with a computer program which differs by only a few statements from the standard one which applies Newton’s classical method.

In this paper, we present some new models for anisotropic compact stars within the framework of 5-dimensional Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet (EGB) gravity with a linear and nonlinear equation of state considering a metric potential proposed for Thirukkanesh and Ragel (2012) and generalized for Malaver (2014). The new obtained models satisfy all physical requirements of a physically reasonable stellar object. Variables as energy density, radial pressure and the anisotropy are dependent of the values of the Gauss-Bonnet coupling constant.

The discovery of the neutron by Chadwick in 1932 is discussed in detail. Pauli pointed out that the profile for neutron decay indicates unequivocally that a third particle, in addition to the proton and electron, is involved, which has since been referred to as the anti-neutrino. Fermi then argued that the electron could not have been present in the neutron prior to decay. He based his conclusion on the assumption that the laws of physics must be in accord with the Lorentz transformation, which Einstein used as the cornerstone of his Special Theory of Relativity (STR). On this basis, it should be impossible for a potential to exist which is capable of binding an electron to a proton in such a small space (500 Mev would be required according to Fermi’s calculation based on de Broglie’s p=h/λ relation). The present work assesses this claim on the basis of recent theoretical developments which make use of the exponentially damped Breit-Pauli-Schrödinger (XPBS) equation. Calculations of this type have been successful in showing that the binding energy of an electron to a positron might be exactly equal to the energy equivalent of an electron and positron (2moec2). The possibility of a non-zero charge-to-mass ratio is considered as a way to make the Breit-Pauli interactions relevant to the description of the neutron’s internal structure.

A NMR spin-spin (T2) relaxation technique has been described for determining the porosity, and the bound water distribution in biglycan induced mouse bone and correlate to their mechanical properties. The technique of low-field proton NMR involves spin-spin relaxation and free induction decay (FID) measurements, and the computational inversion methods for decay data analysis. The CPMG T2 relaxation data can be inverted to T2 relaxation distribution and this distribution then can be transformed to a pore size distribution with the longer relaxation times corresponding to larger pores. The FID T2 relaxation data of dried bone (mobile water removed) can be inverted to T2 relaxation distribution and this distribution then can be transformed to bound and solid-like water distribution with the longest relaxation time corresponding to bound water component. These techniques are applied to quantify apparent changes in porosity, and bound water in controlled and biglycan knockout mouse bone. Overall bone porosity from CPMG T2 relaxation is determined using the calibrated NMR fluid volume from the proton relaxation data divided by overall bone volume. Ignore the physical sample differences, from the inversion FID T2 relaxation spectrum, the ratio of the bound to solid-like water components is used to calibrate the bound water inside bone, and the results can be used to correlated bone mechanical properties. Hydration status significantly affects the toughness of bone, and bound water has been considered as a biomarker for prediction of bone fragility fractures. In addition to the collagen phase, recent evidence shows that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of proteoglycans (PGs) in the extracellular matrix also play a pivotal role in regulating the tissue-level hydration status of bone, there by affecting the tissue-level toughness of bone. Furthermore, biglycan and decorin are two major types of PGs in bone reports. Biglycan knockout induced changes in GAGs, bound water, as well as bone tissue toughness. Among all subtypes of PGs, biglycan is identified as a major subtype in the bone mineral matrix. In this study, we used a biglycan mouse model and the obtained bone samples were measured by low-field NMR to determine the bone porosity and bound water changes, and used to predict if knockout of biglycan may affect the amount of bound water and subsequently lead to reduce toughness of bone.

This paper presents the seasonal response of the peak electron density of the, F2-layer NmF2 from two equatorial stations: Ilorin with geographical coordinates (latitude 8.480N and longitude 4.540E) in the African sector and Jicamarca with geographical coordinates (latitude 11.950S and longitude 76.870W) in the American sector during low solar activity (LSA) year 2010 of solar cycle (SC) 24. The data used for this work are NmF2 peak values derived from foF2 data obtained at the local time of these stations from the Space Physics Interactive Data Resources (SPIDR). Seasonal analysis was done by combining the hourly mean monthly values of NmF2 for all days of the months in each of the seasons considered. Annual analysis was carried out by averaging all the NmF2 values for the year at each hour for the two stations considered. Diurnal analysis from the plots revealed that equatorial NmF2 respond more to solar activity at daytime than at nighttime at these stations with two characteristics peaks: pre-noon peak and post-noon peak bordered a trough (depletion) called noon bite-out (NBO). This depletion is more noticeable at Ilorin than at Jicamarca. The pre-noon highest peaks at Ilorin and Jicamarca were 79 x 1010 e/m3 and 103 x 1010e/m2 respectively, while the post-noon highest peaks at Ilorin and Jicamarca were 94 x 1010 e/m2 and 113 x 1010 e/m2, respectively. Seasonally, the highest peak value was recorded in September equinox and December solstice at Ilorin and Jicamarca, respectively and the lowest peak value were recorded in June solstice at both stations. Annually, the NmF2 ionisation at the two stations are closely related in values at all hours except at 16:00 – 18:00 hours where it is slightly higher at Ilorin. Overall, Peak NmF2 ionisation is higher at Jicamarca when compared with that at Ilorin.

The history of the belief in the existence of elements from which all matter is formed begins more than two millennia ago with the writings of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Developments in the late 17th century pioneered by Robert Boyle led to the modern concept of elemental balance, according to which the number and type of various atoms remains exactly the same in the course of a chemical reaction. The concept of the creation and annihilation of matter changed all that. According to Einstein’s relativity theory, elements can be converted entirely into energy and therefore no longer exist. The present study examines this theoretical interpretation by looking in detail at the process of positronium decay. It is suggested that the electron and positron constituents of positronium are actually bound so tightly together after decay that they form a massless lower-energy state which can be identified with the photon itself.

The Breit-Pauli Hamiltonian is adjusted through the addition of momentum-dependent exponential damping factors so that it possesses eigenfunctions which correspond to a tightly bound e+e- state with 2moec2 binding energy.The success which the corresponding Schr ödinger-type calculations achieves calls into question the creation-annihilation hypothesis on a completely general basis.

Cobalt Doped Nickel Ferrites with the general formula Ni1–x Cox Fe2 O4 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) were prepared by self-combustion method. Nickel II Nitrate Hexahydrate [Ni(NO3)26H2O], Cobalt II Nitrate Hexahydrate [Co (NO3)2 6H2O] and Iron (III) Nanohydrate [Fe(NO3)3 9H2O] were used as the starting chemicals. The X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out to investigate the crystalline phase formation. The FTIR spectra of the spinel phase calcinated at 600°C exhibit two prominent fundamental absorption bands in the range of 350–600 cm-1 assigned to the intrinsic stretching vibrations of the metal at the tetrahedral and octahedral sites.The Raman spectra analysis and the energy band gap of these samples were also investigated. The energy band gap of all samples was nearly the same around 5.2 eV and it was agreed with the standard value.

First, a simple proof of the known result that the set of irrational numbers cannot be written as a countable union of closed sets in R, is given. Furthermore, we present an interesting example to show that product of two closed subsets of a topological groups need not be always closed.

According to the solitary electromagnetic wave (SEMW) theory, it is estimated that the transmission loss is useful to improve the performance and stabilizing the operation of the switching mode circuit (SMC) including the digital circuit. The validation result of the excellent effect of transmission loss at the digital circuit by experiment and calculation are shown in this paper. The lossy line technologies will solve many problems about the wiring of system on a chip (SoC), printed circuit board (PCB) or information technology (IT) equipment. As the result, it will help the great progress of IT in the future.

A recent claim that neutrinos can move faster than light in free space is at least consistent with earlier measurements of the speed of light in condensed media in wavelength regions of anomalous dispersion. Both findings are widely assumed to be ruled out theoretically because they would violate the principle that the time-order of events must be the same for all observers. A review of the assumptions made in Einstein s original derivation of the Lorentz Transformation (LT) in 1905, however, shows that it is possible to avoid this conflict between theory and experiment while still satisfying his two postulates of relativity. An amended version of relativity theory is presented which is based on an alternative to the LT, the Newton-Voigt Transformation (NVT). The latter is also consistent with the Relativistic Velocity Transformation (RVT), while at the same time being compatible with super-luminal motion. It is argued that faster-than-c neutrinos would have to possess null rest mass, the same as photons, in order to satisfy other fact-based requirements of the original theory.

The necessity to take into account friction forces momentum (impact losses) in the momentum equation of interacting deformable bodies is shown. Occurrence of propulsive force in devices with no reaction mass ejection is explained in terms of Newtonian mechanics exemplified by the so-called inerzoids, due to the gap between the efficiency coefficient (losses) in the process of expelling and addition of the same sloshing mass. The possibility of manifestation of this effect at the atomic level under the influence of inertial forces and the magnetic field in nature and in technology is considered as a hypothesis. A mechanical device creating propulsive force, in the form of an inerzoid, implementing oarer biomechanics for outer space is proposed.

The paper emphasizes on the ultimate concepts of semiconductor electronics for basic research purposes. There are two main analyses on II-VI compound-based light emitting devices for high speed telecommunication applications such as band diagram design and electronic properties in this research work. The numerical analysis and calculation for the development of efficient optoelectronic devices are vital role in computational electronics. The results confirm that the developed light emitting devices have high performance properties for fabrication process. The analyses are carried out based on the MATLAB language in this studies.

The paper mainly focuses on the fabrication of Al electrodes on Si substrate with good ohmic contact based on the experimental studies. The main aim is to fabricate Al electrodes on the Si substrate. The objectives are as to know how to deposit Al by using thermal evaporation method, to learn the concept of native oxide on Si substrate and to test the conductivity and resistivity of two kinds of specimens. The experimental studies are completed in the semiconductor laboratory. The deposition of metal on semiconductor was successfully accomplished to observe the good ohmic contact for fabrication process of semiconductor crystal growth. The results confirm that the developed electrodes have met the high performance applications for metal/semiconductor stripe structure for future power electronic devices.

Suitable material for on-chip interconnects has been believed to be the low resistive conductor by basing on the AC circuit theory of engineering. On the other hand, according to the solitary electromagnetic wave (SEMW) theory, it is clarified that the lossy transmission line is contrarily suitable for the signal line of the switching mode circuit (SMC) including the digital circuit. Therefore, the effect when the wire with relatively high resistance is used to the signal interconnects was analyzed based on the SEMW theory. Here, the low impedance lossy line (LILL) technology is applied to conventional power mesh of on-chip interconnects.

The paper presents the transmission and reflection analysis on metal-semiconductor structure for quantum confinement model by FDTD technique. The research problem in this study is to understand the transmission and reflection spectrum from the interface of metal and semiconductor combined devices based on the quantum mechanical effect. The objective of this study is to implement the simulation code for quantum mechanics concepts by MATLAB. The analysis on quantum mechanical analysis of the quantum confinement for semiconductor devices which would be designed based on metal-semiconductor structure is numerically investigated in this study. In this paper a macroscopic model was presented, which embraces an innovative approach to equivalent the vertical carrier profile and unites it with a conventional representation in lateral direction firstly. The numerical results prove a momentous enhancement pertaining to the accuracy of the carrier profile and the physical characteristics of the semiconductor devices. The second stage of this study is mainly focused on the transmission and reflection spectrum on the interface of metal/semiconductor structure based on the finite difference time domain techniques.

The paper presents the research on physical characteristics of hybrid materials-based MOSFETs design. The research problem in this study is to understand the theoretical approach-based real device fabrication. The objective of this study is to investigate the physical characteristics of the hybrid material-based MOSFET structure. An analytical physics-based compact model of hybrid materials-based MOSFET, which can accurately describe the I-V characteristics in all operation modes have been presented in this paper. The model considers the source-drain resistance, different interface trap densities and self-heating effects. The analyses are conducted by using MATLAB language.

The paper mainly focuses on finite difference method with time domain for simulation of electromagnetic field on Gallium Nitrite material for photodetector design. At first, the interface between air and Gallium Nitrite has to be considered for analyzing the finite difference method to obtain the phonon condition exactly. The transmission and reflection waves could be detected from the observation point of the specific location. The boundary condition has to be specified in the test-bed environment. The perfectly match layer boundary condition is appropriate for implementation of the system. Based on the results from the simulation works, the condition for phonon control shall be defined for the application of photodetector purposes.

Superlattices of ZnO/MgO was successfully synthesized on Fluorine doped Tin Oxide (FTO) glass substrates by electrodeposition method. Structural analysis ZnO/MgO was achieved by way of X-ray diffractometry method. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) at 10000 Magnification was used for the morphological studies. Time of deposition was varied for the optimization of film growth. Our result indicates that the film thickness increased as time of deposition increased and the highest thickness of 1.626 um was achieved at deposition time of 2minutes. Valence band offset (VBO) of 0.1 eV and Conduction band offset (CBO) of 1.3 eV were obtained for ZnO/MgO superlattice. The band alignment in our fabricated ZnO/MgO superlattice was found to be type 1.

The ionosphere displays a wide range of variations ranging from diurnal, seasonal, latitudinal, longitudinal and solar cycle variations. A very important source for long-term monitoring of the ionosphere is the critical frequencies of the ionospheric layers. The variability of the ionosphere is most studied using the critical frequency of the F2 layer (foF2). The aim of this research is to characterize the variability of the F2 layer critical frequency (foF2 VR) at three equatorial and low latitude stations, in three different longitudinal sectors (African, Asian and American sector). The data used in this work are the hourly foF2 data observed at Dakar (14.8°N, 17.4°W, dip 11.4°N) in the African sector, Vanimo (2.7°S, 141.3°E, dip 22.5°S) in the Asian sector, and Jicamarca  (11.9°S, 76.8°W, dip 1.4°S) in the American sector, during maximum phase of solar activity (MPSA), descending Phase of solar activity (DPSA), minimum phase of solar activity (MnPSA) and ascending phase of solar activity (APSA) years. The variability (VR) of the foF2 data were analysed using statistical methods for all the solar phases considered at the three longitudinal sectors. Results from the study revealed two characteristics asymmetric peaks for all season within the range (6 - 35％) during pre-midnight hours and (13 - 58％) during post-midnight hours. Seasonally, highest post midnights peak values of 58％ and 31％ were recorded during March equinox at Vanimo and Jicamarca, respectively, and 44％ during December solstices at Dakar in MnPSA year (1986). Annually, foF2 VR decreases with increasing levels of the solar activity. Highest foF2 VR values were recorded during MnPSA years. The highest values of post-midnight peaks observed are 37％, 49％, and 28％ at Dakar, Vanimo, and Jicamarca stations, respectively, while the pre-midnight peaks values are, respectively, 25％, 27％ and 18％ for Dakar, Vanimo, and Jicamarca. On longitudinal sector basis, for the four solar phases, foF2 VR was observed to be highest in the Asian longitudinal sector, when compared with the African and American longitudinal sector during MnPSA years.

The thermal and electrical properties of GaN (gallium nitride) and ZnO (zinc oxide) materials are firstly analyzed and verified that those two materials can be worked together in the room temperature. Secondly, the features of the energy band diagram of p-GaN/n-ZnO heterojunction at equilibrium, forward and reverse biases are presented with the help of diagrams. Unfortunately, these band diagrams are similar to the homojunction structure even using the two different groups of semiconductor materials. Moreover, the built-in voltage of these band diagrams is approximately 1.85 V which is too small over the values of threshold voltages of those two semiconductor materials are nearly 3 V. In this condition, the recombination process emitted the photons cannot occurred. Therefore, the p-GaN/n-ZnO heterojunction structure may not be an LED because the recombination process is a very important mechanism for LED, but this is appropriate for the photodector which is against the recombination process. To get the suitable structure for LED, the energy band gap of the p-type or n-type layer must be higher than that of other layer. In this research work, the MgZnO (magnesium zinc oxide) material is utilized as the n-type layer instead of the ZnO material because the ZnO and MgZnO materials have some of the same properties. The band diagram, voltage-current characteristics and luminescence intensity of p-GaN/n-MgZnO heterojunction LED are discussed in details in this research work. Finally, the possible emission colour of p-GaN/n-MgZnO heterojunction can be estimated as the ultra-violet (UV) emission. Therefore, p-GaN/n-MgZnO heterojunction may be used as an UV LED.

This work presents the successful deposition of Lead Silver Sulphide (PbAgS) by simple chemical bath method under varying pH conditions. Varying pH was achieved using different volume concentration of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) solution. The final bath solution for the deposition of the films contained aqueous solutions of Pb(NO3)2, AgNO3, thiourea, TEA and EDTA. Pb(NO3)2, AgNO3 and thiourea served as precursors for Pb2+, Ag+, and S2- respectively while EDTA and TEA were used as complexing agents. NH4OH served as pH adjuster. The deposited film properties were characterized for optical and electrical properties using a Janway UV – VIS spectrophotometer and 4 Point Probe (Keithley Four Point Probe: Model 67005). From the spectral analysis of absorbance, other optical properties such as transmittance, reflectance, refractive index, and extinction coefficient and band gap energy were obtained. The films show high absorbance in the UV region and high transmittance in the VIS – NIR regions, while reflectance is generally low. The films showed direct band gap energy range of 1.89 eV – 2.30 eV. The result showed that band gap decreased as pH increases. Film thickness increased from 493.83 nm to 945.52 nm as pH increases. Electrical properties of the films showed that the deposited PbAgS thin films are semiconducting films with electrical conductivity within the range of 1.337 × 10-3 (s/cm) and 9.334 × 10-3 (s/cm). Electrical conductivity of the films were found to increase as pH increases from 10.30 to 11.20.

Existence of dark matter (DM), which fills all space and determines dynamics of Galaxies in the Universe, let explains fundamental physical properties of the Nature. It was shown by me in 4 recently published on-line papers in International Journal of Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Science. First, observed properties of cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) at understanding that CMBR is produced by thermal DM motion, give materialistic substantiation to three conservation laws of classical physics and to all principles of quantum mechanics since mechanical action of DM thermal motion is equal to the value of Planck’s constant. Secondly, understanding that creation of electron-positron pairs occurs from DM as two contrary rotating (according to their spins) material vortexes, gives substantiation of positron nature of ball lightning (a bunch of positrons), what explains all its specific properties. At that it was revealed that “electric field” of positron is an effect of positron rotation on nearest DM, what let substantiate a confluence of many positrons, which are concurrently next to created from all ambient DM at mighty streak lighting. Thirdly, such essence of “electric field” allows explain the reason of inexplicably many (some hundrets) registered short-living “particles” with their large masses and solve old puzzle of the absence of repulsion between protons in atomic nucleus (in small size of atomic nucleus there is not enough DM to produce “electric fields” of protons). Fourthly, DM existence gives materialistic explanation of some other fundamental properties of the Nature: a. Hubble’s red shift without strange concept of the Universe expansion. b. physical essence of neutrinos as DM waves with different energy and zero rest mass. c. validity of Boltzmann’s basing of statistical physics, and 4) failure of Michelson-like experiments at the Earth surface. In this paper on the base of DM existence is shown that established materialistic essence of “electric field” of “charged” particles let reveal simple physical essence of antimatter and indicates that behavior of “charged” particles (material vortexes) in DM (material medium) should obey the old known concepts of hydrodynamics of continuum media.

Recent astronomical observations with respect to measurements in distant supernovas, cosmic microwave background and weak gravitational lensing confirm that the Universe is undergoing a phase of accelerated expansion and it has been proposed that this cosmological behavior is caused by a hypothetical dark energy which has a strong negative pressure that allows explain the expanding universe. Several theoretical ideas and models related dark the energy includes the cosmological constant, quintessence, Chaplygin gas, braneworld and tachyonic scalar fields. In this paper, we have obtained new relativistic stellar configurations considering an anisotropic fluid distribution with a charge distribution, which could represents a potential model of a dark energy star. In order to investigate the effect of a quadratic equation of state in this anisotropic model we specify particular forms for the gravitational potential that allow solving the Einstein-Maxwell field equations. For these new solutions we checked that the radial pressure,  metric coefficients, energy density, anisotropy factor, charge density , mass function are well defined and are regular in  the interior of the star. The solutions found can be used in the development of dark energy stars models satisfying all physical acceptability conditions but the causality condition and strong energy condition are violated. We expect that these models have multiple applications in astrophysics and cosmology.

In this paper, an iterative Newton and Chbyshev numerical methods of three steps are used in order to solve nonlinear equations. Numerical examples are applied on single-model of solar cell device. The justification of the proposed method and it is theoretically are presented in this work. The proposed method Chebyshev numerical method is solved iteratively to determine the voltage of solar cell from an electrical system and their results are compared with the standard iterative method Newtons method. The obtained results reveal that the proposed method is an alternative to solve the voltage values of the photovoltaic cell.

LaFeO3 is one of the prominent perovskite used as catalyst for methane combustion, thin film gas sensors and cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and many electronic devices used for photo voltaic applications. Electronic properties of perovskite lanthanum ferrite (LaFeO3) have been studied using Tight Binding Linear Muffin-Tin Orbitals Atomic Sphere Approximation (TB-LMTO-ASA) and LDA+U approximation. In this strongly correlated system, it is important to treat large on-site Coulomb interactions and their screening effects. The localization of wave functions of La 4f and 3d orbitals of Fe is crucial. The band gap of LaFeO 3 is found to be 1.74 eV using LDA+U approximation which agreed well with experimental value 2.1 eV. From density of state (DOS) calculations, the magnetic moment of Fe atom on LaFeO3 is found to be 4.23 μB using LDA+U method which also agreed well with experimental value 4.6μB within 8％ discrepancy. From DOS as well as charge density analysis, it is found that bonding between Fe and O is mainly covalent in nature whereas La-O bonding is found to be ionic.

Development process of novel solitary electromagnetic wave (SEMW) theory, outline of it, and some application examples of it about the digital circuit that is the typical switching mode circuit (SMC) are presented. SMC consists of switching transistor, power line, and signal line. It is expected that the electromagnetic wave will be generated by the switching transistor. Therefore, the current of switching transistor was analyzed in accordance with semiconductor physics. Applying non-linear wave physics and electromagnetic physics to this result, SEMW theory was developed. It will supplement the conventional electromagnetic physics and will help the great progress of IT in the future.

Dental powder has been analyzed using conventional XRF and hand held XRF (HHXRF).The spectrum shows a large amount of Si, K, Ca and Zr in XRF and Al in HHXRF. The HHXRF has an advantage of showing Al which is a prominent element in dental powders. To obtain Al which is present in dental powders HHXRF is the preferred technique to conventional XRF. The present work will highlight the experimental technique, elements expected in dental powder and conclusions therein.

According to the Δy=Δy equation of the Lorentz transformation (LT) of the special theory of relativity (STR), the value of any distance interval measured on a moving object that is oriented transverse to the velocity of that object should be independent of its relative speed to the observer. It is known from experiments with the transverse Doppler Effect, however, that the wavelength of light emitted from a moving source increases uniformly in all directions with its speed relative to the observer. When one combines the Δy=Δy axiom from STR with the above experimental finding, the unavoidable conclusion is that the in situ value of the wavelength must also vary with the state of motion of the light source. Otherwise, it is impossible to explain how the laboratory observer could find that the wavelength of the light from the accelerated source changes even when it is measured in a direction which is transverse to its velocity relative to this source. Experimental measurements indicate that this is not the case, however: the in situ value of the wavelength of light from a given source is always the same, regardless of the latters state of motion. The Relativity Principle (RP) on which STR is based also leads to this conclusion. The only way to reconcile theory with experiment under these circumstances is to reject the Δy=Δy claim of STR. Instead, one must assume that the lengths of objects increase upon acceleration in the same proportion as the rates of clocks slow down, independent of their orientation to the direction of relative motion to the observer.

The paper presents the results of the investigation of certain chemical elements stable isotopes concentration changes in ordinary water under the influence of acoustic oscillations. Changes in the isotopic composition may be due to nuclear processes arising in the experiment. Our explanations for the results of experimental measurements are offered. Complex effects of mechanical vibrations on the change in the concentration of chemical elements in the water are shown.  A mechanism is proposed for the formation of quasi-neutrons and complexes based on them involved in nuclear processes. This mechanism is based on the concept of a double electric layer arising at the contact of two environments.

In the present work, an approximation novel method was used to determine both the crystallite size and micro-strain from XRD profile for deformed and non-deformed 3004 Al alloy by determining the total physical broadening, the crystallite size broadening and the strain broadening. Aluminum and its alloys are widely used in aircraft automotive and in construction industries because of their desirable physical properties. The estimated crystallite size and micro-strain obtained via this approximation method were in a good agreement with the full width at half maximum (FWHM) and the strain broadening at each peak (111), (200), (220), (311), (222) at the corresponding Bragg angles. The variation of strain broadening, defect density and stored dislocation energy with thickness reduction seems to be an exponential growth, according to the increasing of the dislocation density as predicted theoretically.

The norm of elastic constant tensor and the norms of the irreducible parts of the elastic constants of Nacl AND Kcl at different temperatures along with the experimental data obtained under adiabatic condition. The relation of the scalar parts norms and the other parts norms and the anisotropy of these materials is presented. The norm ratios are used as a criterion to present the anisotropy degree of the properties of these.

This paper gives a specific interpretation to physicalism, and argues that physicalism, in this sense, is a key item of scientific knowledge. Physicalism is interpreted to be the thesis that the universe is such that there is a not yet discovered true physical theory of everything that is unified. What it means for a physical theory to be unified is then explicated. Physicalism, interpreted along these lines, is implicit in the way in which in physics only unified theories are ever accepted, even though endlessly many empirically more successful, disunified rivals always exist. In order to give ourselves the best chance of improving this implicit, problematic, metaphysical thesis, we need to adopt a new conception of science, aim-oriented empiricism, which construes physics as making a hierarchy of assumptions concerning the knowability and comprehensibility of the universe. Physicalism is one of these assumptions.

TM0.15Co0.1Zn0.75O nanoparticles with (TM=Ni and Mn) has been successfully synthesized by microwave assisted combustion synthesis method using urea as a fuel. The structural, morphological, compositional and Magnetic properties of these nanoparticles were investigated by X-ray Diffraction Machine (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopes (FE-SEM JEOL-7001), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and Quantum Design Vibrating Sample Magnetometre (QD-VSM) respectively. The structural properties of both sample showed the formation of Wurtzite structure of ZnO, with nine prominent peaks in which the strong diffraction peaks appear in (100), (002) and (101), respectively, though there is a trace related to the Ni ions observed in the Ni samples. The average sizes of the nanoparticles were estimated using Debye-Scherrer’s equation. There is an increase in the average size between 32.65-34.23nm for Ni ion and a decrease in the size from 32.65-25.71nm for Mn ion. Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) showed that smaller crystallites of both samples have sizes smaller than 100nm, no indication of phase separation and little agglomeration was observed. Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed that all the chemical composition of the samples tallies with the synthesis results. Moreover Magnetic measurement reveal that both samples exhibit a room temperature ferromagnetism though its higher in the sample doped by Ni ions.

In this paper, a simple approach for general temperature decay function in the early phase of cosmic evolution is studied. New findings on the age of early developed galaxies demand for a re-thinking of the fate of young universe. The square-root scenario is compatible with an early aggregation of masses and an early beginning of the formation of galaxies and stars.